Difference between nil and false in ruby

The differences of the methods nil and false are:

- nil cannot be a value, where as a false can be a value
- A method returns true or false in case of a predicate, other wise nil is returned.
- false is a boolean data type, where as nil is not.
- nil is an object for NilClass, where as false is an object of for FalseClass

In sort::

False is a boolean datatype 
Nil is not a data type 

Difference between "include" and "extend" in Ruby?

extend: 
If you're using a module, that means you're bringing all the methods into your class. If you extend a class with a module, that means you're "bringing in" the module's methods as class methods.

include:
If you include a class with a module, that means you're "bringing in" the module's methods as instance methods.

EX:

 module A
   def say
     puts "this is module A"
   end
 end

 class B
   include A
 end

 class C
   extend A
 end

Output:

 B.say
 => undefined method 'say' for B:Class



 B.new.say
 => this is module A



 C.say
 => this is module A



 C.new.say
 => undefined method 'say' for C:Class

What is the use of 'require' in ruby ?

Please run below commands on rails console.

Input:     require "file_name"
Output:  true => load the file

Input:    require "file_name"
Output: false => already load

Input:    require "file_name"
Output: Error => Need to add this file

RUBY:: Form submit by webdriver

Use of selenium webdriver

require 'rubygems'
require 'selenium-webdriver'
require 'json'

For remote access
caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:remote, :url => "server_url", :desired_capabilities => caps)

For local access

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox

driver.navigate.to "http://www.facebook.com/"
driver.find_element(:id, 'email').send_keys "aemailcom"
driver.find_element(:id, 'pass').send_keys "apssword"
driver.find_element(:xpath, "//input[@value='Log In']").click
puts driver.title
driver.quit

Use of watir webdriver

require 'rubygems'
require 'watir-webdriver'

driver = Watir::Browser.new :firefox
driver.navigate.to "http://www.facebook.com/"
driver.find_element(:id, 'email').send_keys "aemailcom"
driver.find_element(:id, 'pass').send_keys "apssword"
driver.find_element(:xpath, "//input[@value='Log In']").click
puts driver.url
driver.close

Install selenium-webdriver and watir-webdriver for ruby

If you are using Ruby for test automation then you probably are already familiar with developing in Ruby. To add Selenium and watir to your Ruby environment run the following command from a command-line.

gem install selenium-webdriver

and

gem install watir-webdriver

Ruby's reserved words

Reserved word     Description
BEGIN             Code, enclosed in { and }, to run before the program runs.
END               Code, enclosed in { and }, to run when the program ends.
alias             Creates an alias for an existing method, operator, or global variable.
and               Logical operator; same as && except and has lower precedence.
begin             Begins a code block or group of statements; closes with end.
break             Terminates a while or until loop or a method inside a block.
\case             Compares an expression with a matching when clause; closes with end.
class             Defines a class; closes with end.
def               Defines a method; closes with end.
defined?          Determines if a variable, method, super method, or block exists.
do                Begins a block and executes code in that block; closes with end.
else              Executes if previous conditional, in if, elsif, unless, or when, is not true.
elsif             Executes if previous conditional, in if or elsif, is not true.
end               Ends a code block (group of statements) starting with begin, def, do, if, etc.
ensure            Always executes at block termination; use after last rescue.
false             Logical or Boolean false, instance of FalseClass. (See true.)
for               Begins a for loop; used with in.
if                Executes code block if true. Closes with end. 
module            Defines a module; closes with end.
next              Jumps before a loop's conditional.
nil               Empty, uninitialized variable, or invalid, but not the same as zero; object of NilClass.
not               Logical operator; same as !.
or                Logical operator; same as || except or has lower precedence.
redo              Jumps after a loop's conditional.
rescue            Evaluates an expression after an exception is raised; used before ensure.
retry             Repeats a method call outside of rescue; jumps to top of block (begin) if inside rescue.
return            Returns a value from a method or block. May be omitted.
self              Current object (invoked by a method).
super             Calls method of the same name in the superclass. The superclass is the parent of this class.
then              A continuation for if, unless, and when. May be omitted.
true              Logical or Boolean true, instance of TrueClass.
undef             Makes a method in current class undefined.
unless            Executes code block if conditional statement is false.
until             Executes code block while conditional statement is false.
when              Starts a clause (one or more) under case.
while             Executes code while the conditional statement is true.
yield             Executes the block passed to the method.
_ _FILE_ _        Name of current source file.
_ _LINE_ _     Number of current line in the current source file.

Convert json to html view

json = {"employees":[
    {"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Doe"},
    {"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
    {"firstName":"Peter", "lastName":"Jones"}
]}

function syntaxHighlight(json) {
    if (typeof json != 'string') {
         json = JSON.stringify(json, undefined, 2);
    }
    json = json.replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;');
    return json.replace(/("(\\u[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}|\\[^u]|[^\\"])*"(\s*:)?|\b(true|false|null)\b|-?\d+(?:\.\d*)?(?:[eE][+\-]?\d+)?)/g, function (match) {
        var cls = 'number';
        if (/^"/.test(match)) {
            if (/:$/.test(match)) {
                cls = 'key';
            } else {
                cls = 'string';
            }
        } else if (/true|false/.test(match)) {
            cls = 'boolean';
        } else if (/null/.test(match)) {
            cls = 'null';
        }
        return '<span class="' + cls + '">' + match + '</span>';
    });
}

syntaxHighlight(json)

Output::

"{
  <span class="key">"employees":</span> [
    {
      <span class="key">"firstName":</span> <span class="string">"John"</span>,
      <span class="key">"lastName":</span> <span class="string">"Doe"</span>
    },
    {
      <span class="key">"firstName":</span> <span class="string">"Anna"</span>,
      <span class="key">"lastName":</span> <span class="string">"Smith"</span>
    },
    {
      <span class="key">"firstName":</span> <span class="string">"Peter"</span>,
      <span class="key">"lastName":</span> <span class="string">"Jones"</span>
    }
  ]
}"

OOPs Concepts .

# Object Oriented Programming : OOP is a method of programming.The main purpose of object oriented programming is that it simplify the design, coding by providing re-usability and readability and also debugging of a program is easier.

-Using this it is easy to identify where to add functions and its related data and which function is used to modify data.

-Features of oops :

[1] Object :-Objects is real world entity that is identify by its unique name.Object consist properties(attributes) and behaviours(methods).

For example a car is a object that have properties like colour, brand name etc. and behaviours like it can move forward and backward.

[2] class : Class is template from which object is created that contains variables for storing data and methods to performing operations on these data.Class have collection of similar type objects.

[3] Inheritance : Process of accessing the behaviours of base class by its derived class. Main advantage of inheritance is re-usability of the code.

(i) Single Inheritance : When a single base class is inherited by a single derived class then the inheritance is called as single inheritance.

For example parent child relationship.

(ii) Multilevel Inheritance : A base class inherited by derived and this derived class also inherited by its derived class.

For example grandfather's behaviours inherited by father and father's behaviours inherited by son.

(iii) Hierarchical Inheritance : A base class is inherited by more than one derived class.

For example sparrow, peacock, parrot inherits behaviours of bird class.

(iv) Hybrid Inheritance : Combination of all type of inheritance.

(v) multiple Inheritance : If a derived class inherits properties of more than one base class.

For example duck can swim and also fly.

-Ruby does not support multiple inheritance because it produce a conflict. For example if both the base class have same name then this will produce a confusion.

-So in ruby we can achieve multiple inheritance using module. Module provides a mixin facility. In mixin we can create modules that contains method and we can include more than one modules into our class and we can call modules method using object of class.

[4] Abstraction : Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation and showing only functionality to user.

For example Remote is a interface between user and TV.Using this we can on/off TV but we don't how to circuit works inside remote.

[5] Abstract class : Abstract class is class that has undefined "abstract" methods, which are left for subclasses to define. Abstract method does not have implementation.

For example each bike has a start methods but may be a different technique for different bike for start. Some bike starts by kick and some starts by pressing button.
So we can declare start method as a abstract method and we can implements it in derived class for new bike.

[6] Encapsulation : Encapsulation is a process of binding data and methods together.Encapsulation protect data from unwanted access or alteration by making it private.
Encapsulation = Abstraction + Data Hiding.

[7] Polymorphism : Different behaviours at different instances depend upon the data passed in the operation. Polymorphism increase code readability.

For example a software engineer performs many task such as sometimes he performs coding, sometimes he performs testing, sometimes he performs analysis. So software engineer is one but he is performing different task depending upon requirement.

There are two types of polymorphism.

(i) Compile time polymorphism : It is achieved by method overloading. In this, call to a overloaded method is decide at compile time.

(ii)Runtime Polymorphism : It is achieved by method overriding. In this, call to a method is decide at runtime.

Difference between link_to, redirect_to, and render

# link_to is used in your view, and generates html code for a link

<%= link_to "Google", "http://google.com" %>

This will generate in your view the following html

<a href="http://google.com">Google</a>

# redirect_to and render are used in your controller to reply to a request. redirect_to will simply redirect the request to a new URL, if in your controller you add

redirect_to "http://google.com"

anyone accessing your page will effectively be redirected to Google

# render can be used in many ways, but it's mainly used to render your html views.

render "article/show"

This will render the view "app/views/article/show.html.erb"

The following link will explain the redirect_to and the render methods more in detail http://guides.rubyonrails.org/layouts_and_rendering.html

Database dump from heroku ( pgbackups )

heroku pgbackups:capture --expire  --app app_name

heroku pgbackups:url --app app_name

curl -o file_name.dump "url"